Further Reading

The most up to date information on the methods used for calculating critical loads in the UK is provided in the UK Status Reports. Additional publications are listed under the Uncertainties and Site-specific Critical Loads pages of the web site.

NFC Status Reports

• Hall, J., Ullyett, J., Heywood, L., Broughton, R., Fawehinmi, J. & 31 UK experts. 2003a. Status of UK critical loads: Critical loads methods, data and maps. February 2003. Report to Defra (Contract EPG 1/3/185).
   

• Hall, J., Ullyett, J., Heywood, L., Broughton, R. & Fawehinmi, J. 2003b. Addendum to Status of UK critical loads: Critical loads methods, data and maps. Preliminary assessment of critical load exceedance. May 2003. Report to Defra (Contract EPG 1/3/185).
   

• Hall, J., Ullyett, J., Heywood, L., Broughton, R. & 12 UK experts. 2004a. Update to: The Status of UK Critical Loads – Critical Loads Methods, Data and Maps. February 2004. Report to Defra (Contract EPG 1/3/185).
   

• Hall, J., Ullyett, J., Heywood, L., Broughton, R., Fawehinmi, J. & 12 UK experts. 2004b. Addendum: The Status of UK Critical Load Exceedances. April 2004. Report to Defra (Contract EPG 1/3/185).
   

Reports

• Achermann, B. & Bobbink, R. (eds.) 2003. Empirical critical loads for nitrogen. Proceedings of an Expert Workshop, 11-13 November 2002, Berne. Environmental Documentation No. 164. Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Berne.
   

• Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE) Status Reports 1991, 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001. All available online under 'publications' link on CCE website
   

• Grennfelt, P. and Thornelof, E. 1992. Critical loads for nitrogen -  a report from a workshop held at Lokeberg, Sweden 6-10 April 1992. Nord 1992:41, pp 17.
    

• Hornung, M., Sutton, M.A. and Wilson, R.B. (Eds) 1995. Mapping and modelling critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report. Report of a workshop held at Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria, UK, 24-26 October 1994. 
    

• NEGTAP (National Expert Group on Transboundary Air Pollution) 2001: Transboundary Air Pollution: Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone in the UK. ISBN 1 870393 61 9. Available online at http://www.nbu.ac.uk/negtap
    

• Nilsson, J. & Grennfelt, P. (Eds). 1988. Critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen (Report 1988:15). Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    

• Skeffington, R.A., Hall, J.R., Heywood, E., Wadsworth, R.A., Whitehead, P., Reynolds, B., Abbot, J. and Vincent, K. 2007 Uncertainty in critical load assessment models. Science Report: SC030172/SR.  Environment Agency. Available online at http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/pdf/SCHO0307BMDC-e-e.pdf
    

• Sverdrup, H., de Vries, W. & Henriksen, A. 1990. Mapping Critical Loads: A guidance to the criteria, calculations, data collection and mapping of critical loads. Miljorapport (Environmental Report) 1990:14. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. NORD: 1990:98. 124pp.
   

• Sverdrup, H. & Warfvinge, P. 1993. The effect of soil acidification on the growth of trees, grass and herbs as expressed by the (Ca+Mg+K)/Al ratio. Reports in ecology and environmental engineering, 2:1993. Department of Chemical Engineering II, Lund University, Sweden. 


  

• UBA. 2004. Manual on methodologies and criteria for modelling and mapping critical loads and levels, and air pollution effects, risks and trends. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. Available online at ICP Mapping & Modelling website

Papers

• Calver, L.J., Cresser, M.S. & Smart, R.P. 2004. Tolerance of calluna vulgaris and peatland plant communities to sulphuric acid deposition. Chemistry and Ecology, 20, 309-320.

  



• Cronan, C.S. & Grigal, D.F.1995. Use of calcium/aluminium ratios as indicators of stress in forest ecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 209-226.

  



• Curtis, C.J., Allott, T.E.H., Hughes, M., Hall, J., Harriman, R., Helliwell, R., Kernan, M., Reynolds, B. & Ullyett, J.  2000.  Critical loads of sulphur and nitrogen for freshwaters in and assessment of deposition reduction requirements with the First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model.  Hydrology and Earth System Science 4, 1-15.

  



• Henriksen, A. & Posch, M.2001.  Steady-state models for calculating critical loads of acidity for surface waters.Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus1, 375-398.

  



• Hodson, M.E. & Langan, S.J. 1999. Considerations of uncertainty in setting critical loads of acidity of soils: the role of weathering rate determination. Environmental Pollution, 106, 73-81.

  



• Hornung, M., Bull, K.R., Cresser, M., Hall, J.R., Langan, S., Loveland, P. and Smith, C. 1995. An empirical map of critical loads of acidity for soils in Great Britain. Environmental Pollution, 90, 301-310.  
  
  

• Hornung, M., Bull, K.R., Cresser, M., Ullyett, J., Hall, J.R., Langan, S and Loveland, P. 1995. The sensitivity of surface waters of Great Britain to acidification predicted from catchment characteristics. Environmental Pollution, 87, 207-214.  
  
  

• Hornung, M., Dyke, H., Hall, J.R., Metcalfe, S.E. 1997. The critical load approach to air pollution control. Air Quality Management, ed. R.E.Hester & R.M.Harrison. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, Number 8, The Royal Society of Chemistry,

  



• Langan, S., Hodson, M., Kennedy, F., Hornung, M., Reynolds, B., Hall, J. & Donald, L 2001. The role of weathering rate determinations in generating uncertainties in the calculation of critical loads of acidity and their exceedance. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 1: 299-312.     
  
  

• Langan, S.J., Hall, J.,  Reynolds, B., Broadmeadow, M., Hornung, M. & Cresser, M.S. 2004.  The development of an approach to assess critical loads of acidity for woodland habitats in Great Britain.  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 8, 355-365.  
  
  

• Lokke, H., Bak, J., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Finlay, R.D., Ilvesniemi, H., Nygaard, P.H. & Starr, M.1996. Critical loads of acidic deposition for forest soils: is the current approach adequate? Ambio, 25, 510-516.
   
  

• Metcalfe, S.E., Whyatt, J.D, Broughton, R., Derwent, R.G., Finnegan, D., Hall, J., Mineter, M., O'Donoghue, M. & Sutton, M. 2001. Developing the Hull Acid Rain Model: its validation and implications for policy makers. Environmental Science and Policy, 4, 25-37.
   
  

• Skeffington, R. A.  1999.  The use of critical loads in environmental policy making: a critical appraisal.  Environmental Science & Technology, A-pages, 33, 245A – 252A.  
  
  

• Sverdrup, H. & de Vries, W.1994. Calculating critical loads for acidity with the simple mass balance method. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 72, 143-162.  
  
  

• Sverdrup, H. & Warfvinge, P. 1988. Weathering of primary minerals in the natural soil environment in relation to a chemical weathering model. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 38, 387-408.